What are the risks associated with subperiosteal implants?

Modern dentistry offers multiple solutions for missing teeth, and subperiosteal dental implants have become a viable option for patients who lack sufficient bone density for traditional implants. Unlike endosteal implants, which are placed directly into the jawbone, subperiosteal implants rest on top of the bone beneath the gum tissue. While they provide an alternative for those with severe bone loss, they also come with specific risks and complications that patients should consider before undergoing the procedure.

This blog explores the risks associated with subperiosteal dental implants, potential complications, and factors to consider before opting for this treatment.

Understanding Subperiosteal Dental Implants

Before discussing the risks, it is essential to understand what subperiosteal dental implants are and how they function. Unlike traditional dental implants that are placed directly into the jawbone, subperiosteal implants consist of a custom-made metal framework positioned on top of the jawbone but beneath the gum tissue. The framework has posts that protrude through the gums, providing stable support for artificial teeth.

Subperiosteal dental implants are typically recommended for patients who lack sufficient bone mass in the jaw to support traditional implants. This situation can arise due to bone loss from periodontal disease, trauma, or long-term denture use. For these patients, bone grafting is often required before traditional implants can be placed. However, not everyone is a suitable candidate for bone grafting due to health conditions, age, or personal preferences.

In such cases, subperiosteal implants offer an effective alternative. They eliminate the need for bone grafting, allowing patients to receive dental implants without extensive surgical procedures. These implants are custom-designed to fit the exact contours of the patient’s jawbone, ensuring a secure and comfortable fit. While they provide a reliable solution for many, understanding the potential risks and considerations is vital for making an informed decision.

Potential Risks and Complications

While subperiosteal implants can be effective, they also present risks, including surgical complications, infections, and implant failure. Below are the primary concerns associated with this type of implant:

1. Infection and Inflammation

Infection and Inflammation Risks with Subperiosteal Implants

Subperiosteal implants, while effective for patients with significant bone loss, carry a higher risk of infection and inflammation due to their unique placement. Unlike traditional implants that integrate with the jawbone, subperiosteal implants rest on the bone beneath the gum tissue. This positioning can create spaces where bacteria may accumulate, increasing the likelihood of complications, such as:

Peri-implantitis:

• A serious inflammatory condition affecting the gum tissue around the implant.

• Can lead to bone loss and implant failure if left untreated.

 Soft Tissue Irritation:

• The metal framework positioned close to the gum line may cause continuous irritation.

• Symptoms include soreness, swelling, and discomfort, which can affect daily activities.

 Post-Surgical Infections:

• If post-operative care is inadequate, bacteria can infect the surgical site.

• Severe infections may necessitate additional treatments or complete removal of the implant.

Proper hygiene, regular dental visits, and professional aftercare are essential to mitigate these risks.

2. Higher Failure Rates

Subperiosteal implants tend to have higher failure rates compared to endosteal implants due to several critical factors:

 Insufficient Gum Support:

• These implants rely heavily on gum tissue for stability.

• Inadequate gum support can lead to implant shifting, discomfort, and eventual failure.

Rejection of the Metal Framework:

• The body may recognise the metal framework as a foreign object.

• This can trigger an immune response, leading to inflammation, infection, or complete implant rejection.

Difficulty in Achieving a Stable Foundation:

• Unlike endosteal implants, which integrate with the jawbone, subperiosteal implants rest on top of the bone.

• This makes achieving long-term stability challenging, especially for patients with significant bone loss.

Proper assessment and post-surgical care are essential to minimise these risks and improve implant success.

3. Bone Resorption in Subperiosteal Implants

Subperiosteal implants, unlike traditional endosteal implants, do not fuse with the jawbone. This lack of integration means they do not stimulate bone growth, which can lead to bone resorption over time.

Decreased Implant Stability:

• As the jawbone gradually resorbs, the implant loses its foundational support.

• This can result in implant shifting, discomfort, and eventual failure, requiring additional corrective procedures.

 Progressive Weakening of the Jawbone:

• Ongoing bone loss compromises the structural integrity of the jaw.

• It can alter facial appearance, affect oral function, and limit future dental restoration options.

To mitigate bone resorption, regular dental check-ups and personalised maintenance plans are essential. In some cases, alternative treatments like bone grafting may be recommended for better long-term outcomes.

4. Discomfort and Long Healing Time

Patients may experience prolonged discomfort after surgery, as subperiosteal implants require healing of both gum tissue and surrounding areas. Healing time may be extended due to:

• Soft tissue adaptation challenges

• Potential movement of the metal framework

• Additional adjustments are needed for a proper fit

5. Difficulty in Maintenance

Keeping the implant site clean is crucial, but subperiosteal implants are more challenging to maintain than traditional dental implant London options. The metal frame and gum tissue may trap food particles and bacteria, increasing the risk of infection and gum disease.

6. Potential for Allergic Reactions

Some patients may experience an allergic reaction to the materials used in the implant, particularly titanium or other metal alloys. This can lead to:

• Swelling and irritation

• Implant rejection

• Increased risk of infection

Who is a Suitable Candidate for Subperiosteal Implants?

Subperiosteal implants are ideal for specific patients who may not be suitable for traditional implant methods. Suitable candidates typically include:

✅ Individuals with Significant Bone Loss:

• Perfect for patients who lack sufficient jawbone density.

• Eliminates the need for bone grafting, making the process faster and less invasive.

✅ Patients Seeking a Non-Invasive Alternative:

• Ideal for those who want to avoid extensive surgical procedures.

• The implant is placed on top of the jawbone but beneath the gum tissue, reducing recovery time.

✅ Those Who Prefer Fixed Over Removable Solutions:

• Suitable for patients who do not want removable dentures.

• Offers a permanent solution that provides improved stability and comfort.

✅ Medically Unfit for Traditional Implants:

• Beneficial for individuals with medical conditions that make traditional surgeries risky.

These implants provide a secure and effective alternative for restoring dental function and aesthetics.

Alternative Solutions

For those concerned about the risks of subperiosteal implants, alternatives include:

Conclusion

While subperiosteal dental implants can be a suitable option for patients with severe bone loss, they come with potential risks, including infection, implant failure, and bone resorption. Understanding these risks and discussing alternative solutions with a qualified dentist is essential for making an informed decision.

If you are considering subperiosteal dental implants, consult an experienced dental specialist to assess your suitability. For more advanced implant solutions, visit Complete Smiles, where expert care meets personalised treatment plans tailored to your needs.